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Canines is a broad term referring to members of the family Canidae, including wolves, foxes, coyotes, and domestic dogs. The domestic dog, Canis lupus familiaris, is a subspecies of the gray wolf (Canis lupus). Dogs were domesticated by humans thousands of years ago for companionship, hunting assistance, guarding, and later a wide range of work. Today, dogs exhibit extensive phenotypic diversity across breeds, sizes, and temperaments.

Dogs vary greatly in size and build but share a common mammalian anatomy. Their senses are highly

Behaviorally, dogs are social animals that form bonds with humans and other dogs. They communicate with vocalizations,

Reproduction and lifespan: female dogs bear litters after about two months of gestation (58–68 days). Litter

Roles and human use: dogs serve as companions and workers. They assist people as guide dogs, service

attuned,
especially
smell,
which
is
far
more
developed
than
in
humans.
Hearing
is
sensitive
across
a
broad
frequency
range,
and
vision
is
optimized
for
movement
and
low
light
rather
than
color
detail.
Coat
types,
skin
health,
and
dental
condition
vary
with
breed
and
management.
Nutrition
and
veterinary
care
influence
growth,
health,
and
longevity.
ear
and
tail
positions,
facial
expressions,
and
scent
cues.
Early
socialization
and
consistent
training
improve
welfare
and
behavior.
Enrichment,
exercise,
and
mental
stimulation
are
important
for
preventing
problem
behaviors
and
maintaining
health
across
life
stages.
size
varies
by
breed
and
age.
Lifespan
commonly
ranges
from
10
to
13
years
for
many
dogs,
though
small
breeds
may
live
longer.
Health
concerns
include
dental
disease,
obesity,
parasites,
and
breed-specific
conditions.
Regular
veterinary
care,
vaccinations,
dental
hygiene,
and
preventive
care
support
welfare.
animals,
police
and
military
partners,
search-and-rescue,
herding,
detection,
and
therapy
animals.
Responsible
ownership
and
ethical
breeding
practices,
along
with
adherence
to
animal
welfare
standards,
are
essential
to
the
healthy
relationship
between
dogs
and
people.