Canines

Canines can refer to two related concepts. In biology, it denotes the family Canidae, a group of carnivoran mammals that includes domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, dingoes, jackals, and foxes. In anatomy, canines are the pointed canine teeth found in many mammals, including humans. The two senses are linked, since canids share a skull and tooth structure characterized by prominent canines used for grasping prey.

Taxonomy and distribution: Canidae is a diverse family within the order Carnivora. It contains roughly 35 species across several genera. Members occupy a wide range of habitats on all continents except Antarctica, from deserts and grasslands to forests and Arctic tundra. They vary in size from small foxes to large wolves.

Physical characteristics and dentition: Canids typically have elongated snouts, strong jaws, non-retractile claws, and keen senses of smell and hearing. The canine teeth are long and pointed, adapted for grasping and puncturing prey. Most canids have a carnassial pair for shearing meat. Adults in many species, including domestic dogs, have 42 permanent teeth.

Behavior and ecology: Canids show diverse social systems, from solitary individuals to packs organized around breeding pairs. Many hunt cooperatively in groups, while others rely on scavenging or varied diets. Reproduction often involves pair bonding, with litters of multiple offspring and care provided by parents and sometimes helpers.

Domestication and human interactions: The domestic dog originated from gray wolves and was domesticated thousands of years ago. Dogs are now widespread as companions and working animals. Wild canids face threats from habitat loss, hunting, and conflict with humans; several species are listed as threatened or endangered.