genera

Genera is the plural of genus, a fundamental rank in biological classification. In taxonomy, genus sits above species and below family, and it groups one or more closely related species that share common characteristics. Members of a genus are typically more similar to each other than to species in other genera. The genus name forms the first part of a species’ scientific name in binomial nomenclature, with the genus name capitalized (and the full name usually written in italics in formal text), as in Homo sapiens or Rosa gallica.

Each genus has a designated type species, which serves as the reference point for the genus name. Circumscription, the process of determining which species belong to a genus, can change over time as new evidence emerges. Modern taxonomy aims for genera that are monophyletic, meaning all members descend from a common ancestor not shared with species outside the genus. If evidence shows a genus is not monophyletic, taxonomists may revise its boundaries by splitting or merging genera.

The concept of genera is used across biological disciplines, including zoology, botany, and microbiology. Nomenclature is governed by distinct codes in different domains: the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature for animals, and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants for those groups. Examples of well-known genera include Homo (humans), Pan (chimpanzees), Rosa (roses), and Quercus (oaks).

Genera are a core organizing tool in the study of biodiversity, providing a structured way to name, compare, and understand evolutionary relationships among organisms. Their boundaries reflect current scientific understanding and may evolve with new data.