humans

Humans, or Homo sapiens, are a species of bipedal primates in the family Hominidae. Originating in Africa, they spread across the world, with origins dating to about 300,000 years ago. Humans are distinguished by a relatively large brain, capacity for symbolic language, abstract thought, and culture, and by an upright posture with highly dexterous hands enabling sophisticated tool use and manipulation of the environment.

Anatomy and biology: Humans are bipeds with a skull and skeleton adapted for upright walking. The adult brain averages about 1,200 to 1,400 cubic centimeters. Genetics show that humans share about 99.9% of DNA among individuals; remaining variation reflects population history. Interbreeding with Neanderthals and Denisovans contributed to some modern human genetic diversity.

Life history: Humans reproduce sexually, with gestation typically nine months. Life stages include infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, with extended periods of learning and social development.

Society and culture: Humans organize themselves into diverse social groups and institutions, including families, communities, governments, and economies. They develop languages, art, science, religion, and technology, continually adapting environments through agriculture, industry, and urbanization.

Status and impact: Today about eight billion people inhabit nearly all regions of the globe. Humans have a profound impact on ecosystems, climate, and resources, presenting challenges such as health inequities and sustainable development. Ethical considerations shape research, governance, and welfare.