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genetic

Genetic is the adjective relating to genes and heredity. In biology, it is associated with the science of genetics, which studies how traits are passed from parents to offspring, how genetic variation arises, and how genes influence biological characteristics.

Genetics traces its history to Mendel's experiments on inheritance in peas, which established basic patterns of

Modern genetic research employs molecular tools to read and manipulate the genome. Techniques include DNA sequencing,

Applications span medicine, agriculture, and forensics: genetic testing and counselling; diagnosis and treatment of genetic disorders;

dominant
and
recessive
traits.
The
mid‑20th
century
identified
DNA
as
the
molecule
of
heredity,
clarified
the
structure
of
genes
on
chromosomes,
and
described
the
central
dogma
of
molecular
biology:
DNA
to
RNA
to
protein.
Genetic
variation
results
from
mutations,
recombination,
and
gene
flow,
shaping
evolution
and
population
diversity.
genotyping,
and
genome-wide
association
studies;
gene
expression
analysis;
and
gene
editing
with
technologies
such
as
CRISPR-Cas9.
Genomics
integrates
genetic
data
with
other
biological
information
to
understand
complex
traits.
gene
therapy
and
personalized
medicine;
improving
crops
and
livestock;
and
forensic
identification.
Ethical,
legal,
and
social
considerations
address
privacy,
consent,
equity,
and
the
safety
of
genetic
modification
and
data
use.