privacy

Privacy refers to the ability of individuals to control information about themselves and to be free from unwarranted observation or interference. It encompasses informational privacy (data collection and use), bodily privacy (autonomy and protection from intrusion), and privacy of communications (confidentiality of conversations and messages).

Historically, privacy has been treated as a civil liberty and social value; the phrase the right to privacy was popularized in the late 19th century by Warren and Brandeis. Privacy rights are not absolute and are weighed against security, health, and expression; laws vary by jurisdiction.

In the digital era, data privacy is central. Regulations such as the EU General Data Protection Regulation and national laws govern collection, storage, processing, and sharing of personal data. Core principles include consent, purpose limitation, data minimization, transparency, and rights to access and rectify data.

Risks include data breaches, profiling, surveillance, and online tracking. Technologies such as artificial intelligence, facial recognition, and pervasive sensors increase exposure. Protective measures include governance, privacy-enhancing technologies, encryption, and clear notices.

Privacy supports autonomy and democratic life by enabling private life and freedom of association; debates continue over its limits relative to security and public interest.