absolute

Absolute is a term used across disciplines to denote something complete, unconditional, or independent of a reference point. In mathematics, the absolute value |x| of a real number x is its nonnegative magnitude, equal to x if x ≥ 0 and −x otherwise. The absolute value measures distance from zero on the number line. Properties include |ab| = |a||b| and |a+b| ≤ |a| + |b|. For complex numbers, the modulus extends this idea as the distance from the origin in the complex plane. The term also appears in phrases such as absolute value function or modulus.

In physics and thermodynamics, absolute scales refer to quantities measured relative to an absolute standard rather than a relative comparison. A well-known example is absolute zero, the theoretical lowest possible temperature at which particles have minimal thermal motion, defined as 0 kelvin (−273.15 °C).

In philosophy, the Absolute denotes a supremely real, all-encompassing unity beyond phenomena. In German idealism, Hegel spoke of the Absolute Idea or Spirit, while Spinoza identified God or Nature as an all-encompassing singular substance. The term is also used more broadly to signify universality or completeness in theological and metaphysical contexts.

In political theory, absolute can modify governance as in absolute monarchy, where sovereign authority rests with a single ruler with few or no legal constraints.

Other usages include the general intensifier sense—absolute certainty, absolute prohibition, or absolute terms—where something is asserted without qualification. The word also appears in various brand names, titles, and discussions of non-relative measurements.