with

With is a preposition used in English to indicate accompaniment, instrument, manner, or association between two entities. It can express that someone is together with another person or thing, e.g., "She arrived with her sister." It can denote the instrument or means by which something is done: "cut with a knife"; or indicate manner or condition: "with great care." It also appears in phrases indicating addition or inclusion: "with all due respect," "with this in mind."

Grammatical notes: With a noun or pronoun phrase after it, forming a prepositional phrase that can modify a verb, adjective, or noun. It can also appear in relative constructions: "the person with whom I spoke" or in informal speech "the person I spoke with." In some cases it introduces a participial phrase: "With the sun shining, we continued." In many idioms, its meaning is not strictly literal.

Etymology: "With" derives from Old English wiþ, meaning against or toward; over time its sense broadened to include accompaniment and association, in parallel with related West Germanic languages where forms like German mit and Dutch met express the same idea.

Common usages include: accompanying someone (with Mary), instrumentality (written with a pencil), accompaniment and condition (with permission, with difficulty), and fixed expressions (with regard to, with respect to). It is also used to express conjunctions of ideas in certain adverbial or participial constructions, as well as in phrases that set the context for a statement.