canids

Canids are mammals in the family Canidae, part of the order Carnivora. The family contains about 35 extant species across 12 genera, including the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris), gray and other wolves, coyotes, jackals, foxes, and several more specialized forms such as the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), the dhole (Cuon alpinus), and the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus). They are found on all continents except Antarctica, with high diversity in Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas.

Most canids share a common body plan: medium to large size, elongated snouts, sharp teeth, and well-developed senses. They typically have non-retractile claws and variable social systems, from lone foragers (many foxes) to large packs (wolves, African wild dogs, dholes). Diets range from carnivory to omnivory, with prey and scavenging as common strategies. Vocalizations, including howls, barks, yips, and whines, support communication and territoriality.

Most canids originated in North America, with diversification into Eurasia and other regions by the Miocene. The domestic dog is descended from the gray wolf and was domesticated by humans at least 15,000 years ago, with some estimates extending farther back.

Conservation and management concerns vary by species. Habitat loss, prey depletion, disease, and human-wildlife conflict threaten several canids, while others have broad ranges and stable populations. Protected areas, legal protections, and coexistence strategies are important for maintaining their ecological roles as predators and scavengers.