lupus

Lupus refers to autoimmune diseases, among which systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the most common form. Other types include discoid lupus erythematosus, drug-induced lupus, and neonatal lupus.

Autoimmune response with autoantibodies such as ANA; immune complexes deposit in tissues; genetic predisposition with environmental triggers (sunlight, infections, certain medications); female predominance.

Fatigue, joint pain and swelling, rashes especially malar rash, photosensitivity, oral ulcers; kidney involvement (lupus nephritis); neuropsychiatric lupus; heart and lung involvement possible; pregnancy considerations.

Diagnosis is based on history, exam, and laboratory testing; ANA positive in most; anti-dsDNA and anti-Smith more specific; low complement; urinalysis with protein; biopsy or imaging as needed.

Treatment aims to reduce symptoms and prevent organ damage; no cure. Hydroxychloroquine is a mainstay; NSAIDs for pain; corticosteroids for flares; immunosuppressants such as azathioprine, mycophenolate, cyclophosphamide; belimumab; sun protection and vaccination; pregnancy planning.

More common in women of childbearing age; higher prevalence among some ethnic groups; prognosis has improved with treatment; lupus nephritis and neuropsychiatric lupus are serious complications; regular monitoring is essential.