druginduced

Druginduced (often written as drug-induced) is a term used to describe conditions that are caused by medications. It encompasses both predictable, dose-related toxicity and unpredictable, idiosyncratic or immune-mediated reactions. A druginduced condition is typically considered when symptoms appear after exposure to a drug and improve upon withdrawal; deliberate rechallenge is generally avoided due to safety concerns.

Mechanisms underlying druginduced effects include direct toxic injury from the drug or its metabolites, immune-mediated hypersensitivity reactions, idiosyncratic metabolic differences, and interactions that alter drug levels or effects. Genetic factors can influence susceptibility to certain reactions, and polypharmacy or drug interactions can increase risk.

Common manifestations of druginduced disease span multiple organ systems. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major category, but druginduced lupus erythematosus, drug-induced parkinsonism, and drug-induced QT prolongation with potential for serious arrhythmias are also well recognized. Severe cutaneous adverse reactions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis represent life-threatening examples. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity, hematologic effects, and metabolic disturbances further illustrate the breadth of this phenomenon.

Diagnosis relies on temporal association with drug exposure and exclusion of alternative causes. Causality is often assessed with tools such as the Naranjo algorithm for general adverse reactions and the RUCAM scale specifically for suspected liver injury. Laboratory tests, imaging, and sometimes biopsy support evaluation.

Management centers on stopping the offending agent and providing supportive care. In some cases, specific antidotes or targeted treatments are available. Prevention focuses on careful prescribing, appropriate dosing, monitoring for organ toxicity, recognizing vulnerable populations, and reporting adverse drug reactions to pharmacovigilance programs.