Diets

Diets refer to patterns of eating followed by individuals for cultural, personal, health, or medical reasons. In nutrition science, a diet is the total combination of foods and beverages consumed over time, not a short-term plan. Diets include established dietary patterns—such as Mediterranean, DASH, vegetarian and vegan diets—as well as time-based regimens like intermittent fasting and medically prescribed regimens such as low-sodium or renal diets.

Dietary patterns may emphasize reducing calories or limiting certain nutrients, or increasing intake of nutrient-dense foods. Some restrict whole food groups; others are more flexible. Effectiveness depends largely on adherence, context, and overall lifestyle. Well-planned diets that meet energy needs and provide essential nutrients are associated with health benefits for weight, blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose control in many people, whereas poorly planned diets can cause deficiencies or disordered eating.

Key considerations include age, sex, pregnancy, illness, activity level, cost, accessibility, and cultural preferences. Medical supervision is advised for certain conditions and weight-management programs. Sustainability and enjoyment influence long-term success, and public guidance generally favors a varied, plant-forward pattern with limited highly processed foods, added sugars, and sodium.

Diet science is evolving, with ongoing debate about macronutrient ratios and long-term effects. Individuals are advised to seek guidance from qualified professionals when making significant changes, especially for children, pregnant people, or those with chronic disease.