debate

A debate is a structured discussion on a specific topic in which participants articulate and defend contrasting positions. The goal is to persuade an audience or judges through reasoned argument, evidence, and rhetoric rather than force.

Common elements include a clear proposition or resolution, rules governing speaking order and time, and roles such as the proposition and opposition sides. Debates typically feature opening statements, presentation of arguments, evidence, and rebuttals, followed by cross-examination or questioning and concluding or closing statements.

Formats vary widely. Formal competitive debates such as Oxford-style, Lincoln-Dulgas, and British Parliamentary have defined formats and adjudication criteria. Other settings include policy or parliamentary debates, ceremonial debates, and classroom debates; informal debates emphasize exchange of ideas rather than competition.

Debate develops critical thinking, public speaking, research, listening, and the ability to weigh opposing evidence. Ethical standards include accuracy, fair representation of opposing views, and civility. Debaters should avoid fallacies and misinformation; misrepresentation of sources is a common critique.

Historically, debate traces to ancient Greece and later scholastic disputation. In the modern era, formal debate formats developed in Europe and North America, contributing to educational curricula, legislative practices, and public discourse. Debates may be conducted by schools, universities, governments, or media organizations and vary widely in rules and emphasis.