adjudication

Adjudication is the legal process by which a judge or other designated official resolves disputes by interpreting and applying the law to the facts presented. The result, typically a written decision, is binding on the parties and enforceable through the courts or an administrative mechanism. Adjudication occurs in judicial settings as well as in administrative or quasi-judicial bodies.

Judicial adjudication takes place in courts where judges determine claims, defenses, and liability after considering evidence and applying legal standards. Administrative or quasi-judicial adjudication occurs when an agency, board, or tribunal with statutory authority issues orders, classifications, licenses, or penalties in disputes between individuals or organizations.

The adjudication process generally includes filing a complaint or petition, gathering and presenting evidence, and hearing arguments. The decision maker issues findings of fact and conclusions of law and renders a binding order or judgment. The burden of proof and the standard of review vary by jurisdiction and type of case. Appeals or judicial review may be available to test the decision for errors of law or process.

Key features of adjudication include impartial decision makers, due process protections, and a reasoned written decision. In many systems, adjudication is distinct from private dispute resolution through arbitration, which is typically contract-based and may be faster but less subject to public-law standards. Adjudication may be subject to higher‑level review to ensure legality and consistency with statutes and precedent.

Etymology: adjudication derives from Latin adjudicare, to judge. See also arbitration, mediation, due process.