scavengers

Scavengers are animals that feed on dead or decaying organic matter, typically carrion that has already died from natural causes or predation. They occupy an intermediate position in food webs between the initial death of organisms and the work of decomposition by microbes. Scavengers are widespread across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and include birds, mammals, crustaceans, fish, and some insects. They differ from detritivores, which consume detritus such as leaf litter, and from decomposers like bacteria and fungi, which break down organic matter at the molecular level.

Ecological role and behavior: Scavengers help recycle nutrients, reduce the spread of disease by removing carcasses, and aid energy transfer within ecosystems. They are often opportunistic feeders, exploiting available carrion, though some species are specialized for carrion consumption. Birds such as vultures are well known scavengers; their keen senses help locate carcasses, and many have highly acidic stomachs to digest putrefying tissue safely. Mammalian scavengers such as hyenas, jackals, and certain primates also exploit carrion, sometimes as primary foragers. In marine environments, scavenging crustaceans, certain fish, and sea stars consume dead organisms that sink or wash ashore.

Adaptations and diversity: Scavengers vary widely in form and strategy, with adaptations that aid detection, handling of flesh, or avoidance of pathogens. Their activities support nutrient cycling and ecosystem stability, although interactions with human activities can affect scavenger populations through habitat change or carrion availability.