exploit

An exploit is a piece of software, a sequence of data, or a method that takes advantage of a vulnerability in a computer system, application, or network to achieve an unintended or unauthorized outcome. Exploits focus on triggering weaknesses to bypass protections, execute code, escalate privileges, disclose data, or cause a denial of service. A vulnerability is the underlying weakness; an exploit is the means to exploit it. When a vulnerability is unknown to its vendor or the public, the exploit is described as a zero-day exploit.

Exploits can be classified by how they are delivered and what they affect. Remote exploits run code over a network without physical access; local exploits require access to the target system to gain higher privileges; client-side exploits are delivered through user applications or websites; kernel exploits target the operating system itself. Technical patterns include buffer overflows, use-after-free, format string vulnerabilities, SQL injection, and cross-site scripting, among others. Exploits may be weaponized into exploit kits or incorporated into advanced persistent threat campaigns, but they are also used in authorized security testing and bug bounty programs.

In practice, exploit discovery and weaponization are described in security literature and databases. Organizations track known exploits and affected software versions through resources such as vulnerability databases and advisories. Responsible disclosure and ethical guidelines govern security research to minimize harm and improve defenses.

Defenses against exploits include timely patching and vulnerability management, input validation and secure coding, least-privilege access controls, sandboxing, intrusion detection, and layered security measures. Regular security testing and monitoring help reduce risk by identifying and mitigating exploitable weaknesses.