computer

A computer is an electronic device that accepts data input, processes it according to a set of instructions, stores data and programs, and produces output. Modern computers perform a wide range of tasks by executing software programs. They are built from hardware components such as a central processing unit (CPU), memory (primary storage like RAM), storage devices (hard drives, SSDs), and input/output interfaces. The CPU executes instructions from software by performing arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output operations. Memory provides fast, temporary workspace, while persistent storage holds data and programs.

Most computers follow the stored-program concept, where instructions and data reside in the same memory. The architecture defines the instruction set and organization that determine how software is built and executed. Common architectures include von Neumann and various processor families with different instruction sets.

Software consists of operating systems, utilities, and applications. The operating system manages hardware resources, provides services to programs, and enables multitasking and security. Programs are written in high-level languages and translated into machine code by compilers or interpreted at runtime.

Computers range from tiny embedded devices in appliances and cars to desktop and laptop personal computers, servers that run networks and services, and supercomputers used for complex simulations. Performance is affected by processor speed, memory capacity, storage speed, and energy efficiency. Data is represented in binary form and processed as sequences of bits.

Historically, the term computer referred to a person who performed calculations. The development of electronic digital computers in the mid-20th century, the invention of the stored-program architecture, and the subsequent rise of microprocessors led to the diverse class of devices in use today.