interfaces

An interface is a shared boundary across which information, energy, or control signals can pass between components of a system. Interfaces define how components interact while concealing internal implementations, enabling modularity, reuse, and interoperability.

Hardware interfaces connect physical components through connectors, ports, and signaling standards. Examples include USB, HDMI, Ethernet ports, GPIO pins, and sensor interfaces. They specify electrical characteristics, data encoding, and timing.

Software interfaces describe how software components communicate. They include application programming interfaces and library interfaces, defined by function names, parameters, data types, and protocols. Well-designed interfaces use clear contracts, versioning, and documentation to ensure compatibility across components and releases. Data formats and error handling are often part of the interface.

User interfaces enable human interaction with systems. They encompass graphical user interfaces, command-line interfaces, and voice or tactile interfaces. Good user interfaces balance accessibility, efficiency, and clarity, while remaining faithful to the underlying capabilities.

Network and system interfaces cover the interactions between computers, devices, and software layers. Network interfaces implement communication protocols such as TCP/IP and Ethernet. OS and driver interfaces define how software requests services from the operating system and hardware drivers.

Design and evaluation: Effective interfaces expose essential functionality with minimal dependency on implementation details. They rely on abstraction, clear documentation, versioning, compatibility guarantees, and testing. Interfaces are central to modular design, enabling components to be developed, replaced, or scaled independently.

Historically, the term interface has broad engineering usage and has become central in computing as systems grew more modular. Interfaces form the contracts that enable interoperability among diverse hardware platforms and software ecosystems.