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computing

Computing is the study, design, and use of devices, processes, and systems for the storage, processing, transmission, and retrieval of information. It encompasses theoretical foundations as well as practical aspects of software, hardware, and networks that enable computation.

Its history spans from ancient counting tools and mechanical calculators to electronic digital computers in the

Core concepts include algorithms, data structures, programming languages, computer architectures, and operating systems. Hardware provides processing

Fields of study include computer science, software engineering, computer engineering, information systems, and human–computer interaction. Applications

Computing has transformed economies and societies, increasing productivity and enabling new services, but it also raises

Emerging directions include artificial intelligence and machine learning, cloud and edge computing, quantum computing, and sustainable

mid-20th
century.
The
development
of
the
stored-program
computer,
associating
software
with
hardware,
and
advances
in
semiconductor
technology
propelled
the
expansion
of
computing
into
science,
industry,
and
daily
life.
power
and
memory;
software
enables
tasks
and
services;
networks
enable
communication.
Databases,
security,
and
user
interfaces
are
essential
components
of
most
systems.
range
from
scientific
research
and
business
automation
to
multimedia,
communication,
and
education.
issues
such
as
privacy,
cybersecurity,
algorithmic
bias,
and
the
digital
divide.
Responsible
development
emphasizes
transparency,
ethics,
and
accessibility.
practices
for
hardware
and
software.
Ongoing
innovation
continues
to
shape
how
people
work,
learn,
and
interact
with
information.