automation

Automation is the use of control systems, information technologies, and devices to operate and monitor processes with minimal human intervention. It aims to improve efficiency, accuracy, and reliability in the production of goods and services. Core components include sensors, actuators, controllers such as programmable logic controllers, and software that coordinates tasks, collects data, and responds to feedback.

Historically, automation arose during the industrial revolution with mechanization and later electromechanical devices. In the mid-20th century, programmable logic controllers and industrial robots expanded automation beyond simple machines. More recently, advances in computers, networking, the Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence have broadened automation from factories to offices, warehouses, energy systems, agriculture, and services.

Forms of automation range from fixed automation, which uses dedicated equipment for high-volume, standardized tasks; to programmable automation, where machines are controlled by programs for batch production; and to flexible or autonomous automation, which can adjust to different products and conditions with minimal retooling. Supervisory control and data acquisition systems coordinate multiple processes and plants.

Applications include manufacturing, logistics and warehousing, energy management, water treatment, agriculture, and customer service. Benefits typically include higher throughput, improved quality and traceability, better safety, and cost reductions over time. Challenges can include high initial capital costs, maintenance requirements, system integration, cybersecurity risks, and potential impacts on employment and skills.

Automation is guided by standards and governance frameworks in areas such as safety, interoperability, and data privacy. Ongoing development emphasizes intelligent automation that combines robotics with AI to perform complex tasks and make decisions within defined constraints. Ethical and social considerations remain central to its deployment.