feedback

Feedback is information about the results of a process that is used to guide future action. In systems theory, it forms a loop in which the output is measured against a goal and the measured difference informs adjustments to the input or behavior.

There are several kinds of feedback. Negative feedback dampens deviations and helps stabilize a system; positive feedback amplifies changes and can drive lasting transformation. In communication, feedback is the response received from a listener or observer.

In engineering and biology, feedback is essential. Closed-loop control uses sensors, comparators, and actuators to maintain a target state, as in home heating or cruise control. In biology, negative feedback maintains steady internal conditions; positive feedback can trigger rapid processes.

In education and psychology, feedback informs learning and performance. Formative feedback occurs during a task to guide improvement, while summative feedback assesses outcomes. Effective feedback is timely, specific, actionable, and framed in a nonjudgmental manner.

In management, feedback supports performance appraisal, teamwork, and organizational learning. Practices such as 360-degree feedback and regular check-ins promote a culture of openness. To be effective, feedback should be based on clear criteria and credible data.

Common challenges include bias, misinterpretation, vague suggestions, and delayed delivery. Improving feedback involves clear metrics, structured formats, and iterative cycles such as Plan-Do-Check-Act or formative review loops.