formative

Formative is an adjective derived from the Latin forma, meaning form or shaping. In general use, it describes something that forms, shapes, or contributes to development. The term is common in education and social science to mark processes intended to influence ongoing growth rather than to provide a final judgment.

Formative assessment, also called assessment for learning, is an approach in education that focuses on the learner's ongoing understanding. It emphasizes timely feedback, evidence of progress, and adjustment of instruction. Typical formative activities include quizzes, observations, drafts, and reflective prompts. The goal is to inform both teacher and student about learning gaps and to tailor teaching and practice accordingly. Formative assessment differs from summative assessment, which evaluates learning at the end of a unit or course and often carries a grade or certification.

In developmental contexts, formative refers to experiences and conditions that shape growth, abilities, and behavior during early life or crucial periods. Formative years, often cited as childhood and adolescence, are considered influential in forming skills, health, and personality. The concept emphasizes the lasting impact of early environments, relationships, and repeated practice on later outcomes.

Outside education, formative evaluation is used in program development, policy, and design to gather information that informs ongoing improvement. The term signals an emphasis on shaping future performance through feedback and iterative refinement rather than a final assessment.