cruise

Cruise refers to travel on a passenger ship for leisure, typically with a planned itinerary that visits multiple ports. Most cruises are ocean cruises offered on large ships, but river cruises and expedition cruises on smaller vessels are also popular. The fare usually includes accommodation, meals, and many on-board activities, with additional charges for optional excursions, specialty dining, or premium experiences.

Historically, organized pleasure voyages began in the 19th century along European coasts, expanding with steamship technology. The mid-20th century saw the rise of purpose-built cruise ships and mass-market itineraries, leading to the modern cruise industry. Today, major cruise lines operate fleets of ships that serve global itineraries.

Common itineraries include the Caribbean, the Mediterranean, Northern Europe, Alaska, and the South Pacific. River cruising covers inland routes on rivers such as the Danube, Rhine, and Yangtze, offering city-focused sightseeing from smaller ships. Expedition cruises seek remote destinations like the Arctic, Antarctica, and the Galápagos, emphasizing natural-history programs and excursions.

On board, ships offer cabins, dining venues, entertainment, pools, and activity spaces; shore excursions provide guided visits at ports of call. The cruise industry is a significant employer and tourism sector, with economic impact concentrated in port cities. Cruises operate under national flags or flags of convenience and are subject to international and national safety, environmental, and labor regulations.

Environmental concerns include fuel consumption, emissions, wastewater and ballast water management, and solid waste handling. Many operators invest in cleaner fuels, exhaust treatment, shore power, slower speeds, and recycling programs to reduce impact. Health and safety measures, including lifeboat drills, safety equipment, and medical facilities, are standard components of cruise operations.