spaces

Spaces refer to several related meanings. In ordinary usage, space denotes the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects exist and events occur, as well as the emptiness between objects. In mathematics and related disciplines, a space is a set equipped with additional structure that allows measurement or analysis, such as a vector space, a metric space, or a topological space. In typography and computing, a space refers to the blank area produced by the space character, including variants such as the en space and em space used to adjust layout and readability.

Outer space, or simply space, is the vast expanse beyond Earth's atmosphere. It is a near-vacuum containing celestial bodies like planets, stars, and galaxies, governed by physics such as gravity and thermodynamics. In design and urban planning, space also refers to how areas are organized and used—interior rooms, outdoor plazas, and the relationships between them, including accessibility, movement, and aesthetics.

In computing, whitespace characters help separate tokens in source code and data formats, while spaces in markup and typography influence readability and alignment. Conceptually, space relates to ideas of emptiness, volume, proximity, and proportion, and is a fundamental element across science, art, and daily life.