typography

Typography is the art and technique of arranging type to make written language legible, readable, and visually engaging. It covers typefaces (fonts), sizes, spacing, and the layout of text across print and digital media. Good typography supports communication by guiding the reader’s eye and establishing tone.

Historically, typography began with movable type in the 15th century, enabling mass production of texts. Innovations in letter design and metal type led to distinct families, primarily serif and sans-serif. Serif types (for example Garamond, Baskerville) are often associated with traditional print, while sans-serif types (such as Helvetica, Arial) are widely used in contemporary media. Other families include display, script, and monospace.

Typography relies on anatomy: baseline, x-height, cap height, ascenders and descenders, stems, bowls, and counters. Practically, typographers manage hierarchy with size, weight, and color; spacing with kerning (adjusting pairs), tracking (overall letter spacing), and leading (vertical space); and layout with margins, measure, and grids to achieve rhythm and balance.

Digital typography uses font formats such as TrueType and OpenType, and web typography leverages CSS and web fonts (e.g., WOFF). Licensing and platform support influence choice for print and digital products.

Key principles include contrast, alignment, repetition, and proximity; ensuring readability (text can be read easily) and legibility (individual characters are distinguishable). Accessibility considerations, such as sufficient contrast and dyslexia-friendly fonts, improve inclusivity.

Typography impacts branding and user experience across print, screens, and interfaces, making it a foundational element of graphic design, publishing, and communication.