print

Print is the process of reproducing text and images on a surface, typically paper, by applying ink or another pigment. It encompasses the machines and techniques used to produce multiple copies from an original source, including traditional presses and modern digital devices.

Historical overview: Woodblock printing appeared in East Asia long before movable type. Movable type was later refined in Asia, and in Europe Johannes Gutenberg's development of the printing press in the 15th century enabled rapid, mass production of books. The 19th and 20th centuries saw industrialization of printing with offset lithography, rotary presses, and web-fed systems, expanding the reach of newspapers, books, and packaging.

Printing technologies: Relief or letterpress uses raised surfaces to transfer ink. Offset printing uses a plate and a rubber blanket to exchange ink with the substrate, becoming the dominant method for high-volume work. Digital printing uses electronic files to drive laser or inkjet devices and supports on-demand printing and variable data. Screen printing pushes ink through a stencil on a mesh and remains common for textiles, signage, and specialty applications. Color printing commonly uses CMYK inks or toners.

Materials and outputs: Ink, toner, and substrates like paper, cardboard, plastic, or textiles are chosen to suit the project. Outputs include books, newspapers, magazines, packaging, and promotional materials. Print quality depends on resolution, color management, and the consistency of inking and drying processes.

Impact and considerations: Printing has facilitated mass communication and education but raises concerns about resource use, waste, and the environmental impact of inks and solvents. Recycling of paper and advances in recyclable inks and digital workflows are shaping modern practice.