packaging

Packaging refers to the science, art, and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. It serves to protect contents from damage, contamination, and spoilage; to convey information and branding; to enable handling and transport; and to support convenience and safety. Packaging design balances barriers against moisture and gas, mechanical protection, weight, cost, and environmental impact.

Products are typically grouped into primary packaging (in direct contact with the product), secondary packaging (groupings for handling or branding), and tertiary packaging (bulk shipping). Common materials include paper and cardboard, plastics, glass, and metal, often used in multi-layer constructions. Increasing attention to recyclability and compostability has driven material selection and redesign toward lighter, more sustainable options.

Regulatory and standard frameworks govern labeling, safety, and waste management. Labels may include ingredients, allergen information, nutrition facts, tamper-evidence, and handling instructions. Jurisdictions vary; many pursue extended producer responsibility and packaging waste directives to reduce landfill impact.

Trends include sustainable and circular economy approaches, design for recyclability, lightweighting, and minimal packaging. Digital and smart packaging increasingly use sensors and connectivity for traceability and freshness signaling. Packaging science continues to address food safety, shelf life, logistics efficiency, and consumer experience.