logistics

Logistics refers to the planning, implementing, and controlling of the efficient flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from origin to consumption to meet requirements. It encompasses transportation, warehousing, inventory management, packaging, order processing, and information flows.

It is a core function within supply chain management, focused on the movement and storage of goods, while supply chain management also covers sourcing, procurement, supplier relationships, and strategic network design. Logistics design includes network optimization, mode selection, and last-mile delivery.

Core activities include transportation management, warehouse operations, inventory control, demand forecasting, order fulfillment, and reverse logistics. Information technology such as transportation management systems, warehouse management systems, ERP, and real-time tracking enable coordination and transparency.

Challenges include cost control, volatility in demand, regulatory compliance, sustainability, and urban delivery constraints. Metrics commonly used are on-time delivery rate, inventory turnover, order accuracy, cost per unit, and fill rate. Trends include automation, data analytics, e-commerce-driven last-mile strategies, and greener logistics.