management

Management is the practice of coordinating and overseeing the work of individuals and groups to achieve organizational goals. It involves setting objectives, allocating resources, establishing processes, and guiding people toward expected outcomes so that activities are efficient and aligned with strategy. Management applies in all sectors and organizational sizes, from businesses to governments and non-profits, and it encompasses both operational and strategic work.

Core functions include planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Planning involves setting goals and determining the actions required. Organizing arranges resources and tasks. Leading focuses on motivating, communicating, and guiding people. Controlling monitors performance and makes adjustments. Additional tasks include decision making, problem solving, and coordinating information flow.

Management theories have evolved over time. Classical approaches emphasized efficiency and formal structure (scientific management, administrative theory). Behavioral and human relations approaches stressed motivation and group dynamics. Contingency and systems theories highlight context and interdependence. In recent decades, approaches such as agile, lean, and servant leadership have influenced contemporary practice, especially in knowledge work and technology contexts.

Roles and skills: Managers perform interpersonal, informational, and decisional roles; they require technical, human, and conceptual skills. Execution and governance depend on performance measurement, budgeting, risk management, and compliance. Metrics such as productivity, quality, customer satisfaction, and financial indicators are used to align operations with strategy.

Trends shape modern management, including globalization, digital transformation, data-driven decision making, remote and distributed work, and increasing emphasis on sustainability. Education and training for managers increasingly emphasize analytics, communication, change management, and adaptive leadership.