training

Training is a systematic process of imparting knowledge, skills, or behaviors to individuals or groups to improve performance or competence. It is typically outcome-oriented, aimed at enabling learners to perform specific tasks, adopt procedures, or adapt to new roles. Training differs from general education in its narrow, job- or task-focused scope and its emphasis on observable performance changes.

Training can take place in many contexts. In workplaces, common forms include onboarding, safety, technical or software training, leadership development, and compliance. Athletes receive physical conditioning and technique coaching, while animals may be trained to respond to cues or perform tasks. In military and public safety, mission-specific drills are used. In the field of data science, training refers to the process of fitting a model to data, i.e., learning from examples before deployment.

Effective training typically follows a systematic design process (for example ADDIE) that includes needs assessment, objectives, content development, delivery, practice, and evaluation. Instruction can be delivered face-to-face, online, or through blended formats, and often uses simulations, exercises, and feedback. Evaluation commonly employs models such as Kirkpatrick's four levels (reaction, learning, behavior, results) to measure value and impact and to guide refinement.

Transfer of training to job performance depends on factors such as relevance, opportunity to apply skills, supervisor support, and opportunities for practice. Common challenges include limited time, insufficient resources, learner motivation, and mismatches between training and work tasks. Effective programs align with organizational goals and incorporate reinforcement, coaching, and spaced practice.

Recent trends include microlearning, mobile and asynchronous training, simulations and virtual reality, and adaptive or personalized learning powered by analytics and artificial intelligence. These approaches aim to improve engagement, accessibility, and retention while reducing costs.