software

Software refers to the programs and other operating information used by a computer. It is the intangible component of computing, in contrast to hardware. Software enables computers to perform a wide range of tasks, from simple calculations to complex data analysis and multimedia processing.

Software is commonly categorized as system software and application software. System software includes the operating system, device drivers, and utility programs that manage hardware and provide a platform for other software. Application software comprises programs that perform user-directed tasks such as word processing, web browsing, and gaming.

Software typically consists of code, data, and supporting documentation. Programs are written in programming languages and can be distributed as source code or compiled binaries. Some software is designed to be platform-specific, while others are cross-platform or runs in a virtualized or cloud environment.

Development follows a software development life cycle that includes specification, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Teams may adopt methodologies such as agile, iterative development, or DevOps to emphasize collaboration and rapid delivery.

Software is distributed under various licensing models. Proprietary software restricts use, modification, or redistribution, while open source software makes source code available for inspection and modification under licenses. Software as a service and other cloud-based models deliver software over a network rather than as a product to install.

Security, privacy, and interoperability are ongoing concerns. Standards and common interfaces promote compatibility, while quality assurance, version control, and updates help maintain reliability.