mechanical

Mechanical is an adjective describing objects, systems, or processes that operate by machinery or by physical forces, rather than by biological, chemical, or electronic means. It is commonly applied to devices powered by motion produced through gears, springs, levers, or hydraulic and pneumatic elements. In everyday use, mechanical can contrast with electrical, electronic, or biological.

Etymology: The term derives from Latin mechanicus through French mécannique and Greek mechanikos, meaning related to machines or the art of building them. In science, it has come to denote the study of motion, forces, and energy as they pertain to machines.

In engineering, mechanical describes the field of mechanical engineering, which analyzes statics, dynamics, materials, thermodynamics, and energy transfer; it also covers design, manufacture, testing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. Subdisciplines include machine design, tribology, control and mechatronics, and biomechanics.

Key concepts include mechanical advantage, kinetics and kinematics, stress, strain, fatigue, wear, and reliability. Components such as gears, levers, springs, cams, shafts, bearings, and seals enable controlled motion and force transmission. Mechanical systems range from simple devices like a lever or pulley to complex assemblies such as engines, pumps, and robotic actuators.

Common devices described as mechanical rely on direct energy conversion or transmission of force, and often operate without electronic control, though many modern systems blend electrical or electronic control with mechanical power.