stress

Stress is the body's response to perceived demands or threats, involving cognitive appraisal and physiological changes. It encompasses both the mental interpretation of a situation and bodily reactions such as increased heart rate and hormone release.

Stress is commonly categorized as acute, episodic acute, or chronic. Acute stress is short-term and tied to a specific event; episodic acute stress occurs when it recurs frequently; chronic stress persists for extended periods and may arise from ongoing difficulties. Eustress refers to positive, motivating stress that can enhance performance.

Physiological mechanisms include activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system, leading to the release of cortisol and adrenaline. These responses prepare the body for “fight or flight” but can contribute to wear and tear if sustained.

Health effects vary by duration. Short-term stress can sharpen attention and performance, but chronic stress is associated with cardiovascular risk, sleep disturbances, immune changes, and higher likelihood of anxiety or depressive symptoms, as well as cognitive impacts like impaired memory and concentration.

Coping and management focus on reducing exposure to stressors where possible and adopting adaptive strategies. These include regular physical activity, adequate sleep, healthy eating, time management, problem-solving and cognitive reframing, social support, and relaxation techniques such as mindfulness, breathing exercises, and progressive muscle relaxation. Avoidance of harmful coping like excessive alcohol or drug use is advised.

Assessment and treatment are typically multidisciplinary. Screening tools such as the Perceived Stress Scale gauge subjective stress levels; clinical evaluation may address related mental or physical health problems. Interventions include psychotherapy (notably cognitive-behavioral therapy), stress management programs, and, when appropriate, treatment of comorbid conditions.