layout

Layout is the arrangement of visual and textual elements within a given space. It is a fundamental concept in design across fields such as graphic design, publishing, web and interface design, architecture, and interior planning. A good layout organizes content to support readability, navigation, function, and aesthetics.

Key concepts in layout include grids, alignment, margins and padding, balance, contrast, hierarchy, rhythm, and the use of whitespace. In graphic design and publishing, layout governs how text and images appear on a page or screen; grids provide a framework for consistent alignment, while typography, margins, and gutters control readability and visual breathing room. In digital media, layouts often adapt to different devices through responsive or adaptive techniques, with tools such as CSS grid and flexbox used to define structure.

In architecture and interior design, layout refers to the spatial arrangement of rooms or areas, circulation paths, and functional zones, aiming for efficient use of space, safety, and user experience. Cartography and product design also rely on effective layout to fit legends and scale on maps or to arrange components and interfaces on a product.

The layout process typically involves planning, wireframing or mockups, and iterative refinement, including accessibility and usability testing. Historical developments, such as grid-based Swiss design, have shaped modern approaches to consistent and scalable layouts. Overall, layout controls how information is perceived and interacted with, balancing form and function to support communication and experience.