maps

Maps are graphical representations of geographical areas that use scale and symbols to communicate spatial relationships. They translate the curved surface of the Earth or another environment into a two-dimensional depiction designed for reading, navigation, and analysis.

Common map elements include a title, a scale bar or numeric scale, a legend or key explaining symbols, a north arrow, graticule or grid lines, and sometimes a locator inset. Map accuracy depends on scale, datum, projection, and the quality of the underlying data.

Maps are often categorized by purpose: reference maps show general features such as borders, roads, and landforms; thematic maps emphasize a particular theme such as population, climate, or land use; topographic maps depict elevation with contour lines; nautical and aeronautical charts support navigation; cadastral maps show property boundaries.

To flatten the globe, cartographers use map projections, each introducing distortions in area, shape, distance, or direction. Common projections include Mercator, Robinson, and UTM. Maps also rely on coordinate systems such as latitude–longitude or projected coordinate systems to specify locations precisely.

Digital maps are produced and consumed in GIS and web mapping platforms, enabling interactive layers, data queries, and real-time updates. They rely on geospatial data, metadata, and standards for interoperability.

Maps support planning, navigation, resource management, education, and research. However, maps are simplifications; scale, generalization, data timeliness, and projection-induced distortions can affect interpretation. Users should consider datum, scale, and context when reading a map.