grid

A grid is a regular network of intersecting lines or a framework used to divide space or data into equally sized units. In mathematics and design, a grid provides a stable reference system that helps orient elements, measure distances, and align content consistently across a surface or diagram.

Geometric grids include square or rectangular grids common in Cartesian coordinates, as well as triangular, hexagonal, and polar grids that suit different tiling patterns or coordinate schemes. A Cartesian grid relies on perpendicular axes and evenly spaced lines with an origin point from which coordinates are measured.

Historically, grids have served cartography, city planning, and architecture. Ancient and medieval towns often followed grid plans, and mapmakers introduced grid references to locate places. In modern typography and page layout, grid systems organize columns, margins, and baselines to improve readability and balance.

Applications of grids span several fields. In mapping and GIS, grids underpin coordinate reference systems and raster data. In computer graphics and UI design, grids guide alignment and spacing; CSS Grid and grid frameworks structure responsive web layouts. Grids also simplify measurement and proportional reasoning in engineering and design processes.

Beyond spatial grids, the term also refers to non-geometric networks. The electrical grid links generation, transmission, and distribution of power, while grid computing describes a distributed approach to processing tasks across multiple machines.