map

A map is a symbolic representation of part of the Earth's surface, drawn to scale on a plane, that communicates where things are and how far apart they lie. It translates three-dimensional space into a two-dimensional depiction to aid navigation, planning, and analysis. Maps vary in purpose and can be geographic, thematic, or abstract.

Geographic maps show natural and built features such as terrain, waterways, roads, and boundaries. Topographic maps illustrate elevation with contour lines. Political maps emphasize borders and administrative units. Thematic maps focus on a single topic, such as population, climate, or land use. Digital maps are interactive and often layered with real-time data.

Key elements include scale, which expresses the relationship between map distance and real distance; projection, which transfers the globe to a flat surface and introduces distortions; a legend or key that explains symbols and colors; a grid or coordinates for locating places; and a north arrow or compass rose.

Projections vary in how they distort shape, area, distance, and direction. Common types include Mercator, which preserves angles; equal-area projections that preserve area; and compromise projections such as Robinson or Winkel Tripel. The choice depends on purpose and acceptable distortions.

Cartography has evolved from ancient charts and early geographic treatises to modern, GIS-based mapping. Satellite imagery, GPS, and web mapping have expanded access to up-to-date data. Maps rely on data quality, scale, and currency; they are tools subject to interpretation and design choices.