steamship

A steamship is a vessel propelled by a steam engine that turns a propulsion system such as a screw propeller or paddle wheels. Steam propulsion enabled ships to travel with less dependence on wind and human power, expanding maritime trade and travel.

Development began in the late 18th century, with experiments on steam-driven boats and the first practical results in the early 1800s. William Symington built the Charlotte Dundas (1802), a capable steamboat, while James Watt's improvements to the steam engine increased efficiency. Robert Fulton launched the Clermont on the Hudson River in 1807, demonstrating regular, practical steam navigation and catalyzing widespread adoption in Europe and America.

Steamships used various propulsion modes. Paddle steamers relied on side wheels or stern wheels; later, the screw propeller became dominant. The ships were powered by reciprocating steam engines, often with multi-expansion or compound configurations, and coal-fired boilers that produced steam at high pressure. By the late 19th century, steel hulls and more efficient engines increased speed and range.

In the 20th century, steam turbines and, later, diesel engines began to replace reciprocating steam engines on most ships. Steam propulsion remained common for certain cargo and passenger vessels for a time, but its prominence diminished. Today, steamships are frequently preserved as historic vessels or operated by enthusiasts.