flags

Flags are pieces of fabric that bear a distinctive design and are used to symbolize a country, region, organization, or idea. They serve purposes of identification, signaling, ceremonial display, and expression, and they are flown on ships, at government buildings, during events, and in everyday life.

Design and terminology: Flags have a field to which features such as stripes, crosses, emblems, or seals may be added. Common elements include a hoist (the side near the flagpole), a fly (the opposite edge), and sometimes a canton or central symbol. Colors and motifs are chosen to convey meanings, traditions, or allegiances, though interpretations vary across cultures and history. Simpler designs are typically more legible at a distance and easier to reproduce.

Types and study: National flags represent states, while civil flags, state flags, and ensigns are used in different official contexts. Subnational flags (for provinces, states, or regions) and organizational flags (for cities, clubs, or associations) are widespread. The discipline that studies flags is vexillology, which emphasizes design quality, symbolism, and practical use in display and signaling.

History and use: Flags originated as banners and military standards and evolved into symbols of national identity in the modern era. Many nations standardized their flags during the 18th to 20th centuries, shaping a sense of shared tradition. Etiquette governs flag handling—how flags are raised, lowered, and displayed, as well as rules for half-masting and respectful treatment, which vary by country and context.