crosses

A cross is a geometric figure formed by two lines intersecting at a point, or more generally by two or more bars that cross. The term also denotes the symbol created by such intersections. The concept appears in art, architecture, and daily objects, often with decorative or symbolic intent.

The most enduring symbolic use is in Christianity, where the cross represents the crucifixion and, for believers, the resurrection. It appears in churches, monuments, jewelry, and art. Across cultures, crosses have served as religious or protective symbols, heraldic charges, and national emblems. The red cross emblem marks humanitarian relief organizations and is protected under international law.

Common cross forms include the Latin cross (long vertical arm), the Greek cross (arms of equal length), the Orthodox cross (three crossbars, the bottom slanted), the Maltese cross (eight points), the Jerusalem cross (a large central cross with four smaller around), the cross pattée (broad arms), the cross potent (ends shaped like squares), the cross fleury (arm ends floriated), and the tau cross (T-shaped). Flags often display a Nordic cross, offset toward the hoist; many heraldic devices likewise include crosses such as St. George's cross and the Swiss cross.

In biology and agriculture, “crosses” refer to crossbreeding or hybrids produced by mating individuals of different breeds or species. In mathematics, the symbol × denotes a cross, used for multiplication or the cross product in vector algebra.

The term crosses thus spans geometry, symbolism, culture, and biology, reflecting a family of forms united by the idea of intersecting lines or elements.