breeds

A breed is a population of domestic animals within a species that shares distinctive hereditary traits—such as conformation, coat type, color, or temperament—that are passed on through selective breeding and maintained as a stable lineage. Breeds are defined by their consistent characteristics rather than by a single animal.

Breeds arise when humans select mates to emphasize particular traits and maintain them across generations. External standards and pedigrees are kept by breed registries and clubs, which may publish breed standards describing the ideal appearance, temperament, and functions of the animals. Registries also record lineage to establish purebred status and eligibility for registration and shows.

Breeds are most commonly discussed in dogs, cats, horses, cattle, and poultry, but the concept applies to many domesticated animals. Breeds are often associated with dog or cat shows, riding or draft work, herding, or other specialized functions. International and national bodies, such as the American Kennel Club (AKC) or the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI), coordinate breed standards, registrations, and events.

Health and welfare considerations accompany selective breeding. Intense focus on specific traits can reduce genetic diversity and increase inherited disorders, including brachycephalic respiration problems and hip dysplasia. Responsible breeding emphasizes health testing, avoidance of close inbreeding, and transparency about lineage and potential health risks.

Crossbreeding blends traits from two or more breeds and can produce mixed-breed or designer breeds. Purebred status is separate from the idea of animal welfare, and responsible breeders prioritize health, temperament, and responsible ownership.