brachycephalic

Brachycephalic describes a skull shape with a shortened front-to-back dimension relative to width, producing a flat-faced appearance. The term is used in human anthropology to describe certain cranial configurations and is widely used in veterinary contexts to categorize companion animal breeds with shortened muzzles and broad heads.

In dogs, brachycephalic breeds include Pug, Bulldog, French Bulldog, Shih Tzu, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Pekingese, and several others. They typically have a short muzzle, wide skull, and often prominent eyes. These anatomical traits can reduce airway space and complicate breathing, especially in hot weather or during exercise.

Brachycephalic airway syndrome (BOAS) encompasses stenotic nares, an elongated or thickened soft palate, redundant pharyngeal tissue, and sometimes a narrow trachea. Together, these abnormalities can cause noisy breathing, exercise intolerance, regurgitation, and, in severe cases, life-threatening respiratory distress. Ocular problems are also common due to shallow orbits and exposure, leading to dry eye or corneal injury. Dental crowding can occur because of limited oral space.

In cats, brachycephaly is seen in Persians and Exotic Shorthairs, with similar airway and eye problems; management focuses on medical care and, if needed, surgical corrections such as niched airway interventions and, in some cases, eye protection strategies.

Welfare concerns have led breeders and veterinary organizations to advocate for responsible breeding practices aimed at reducing extreme brachycephaly, promoting health screening, and improving the overall well-being of affected animals.