flag

A flag is a piece of fabric bearing a distinctive design that is used as a symbol to represent a country, organization, movement, or idea. Flags serve to identify, communicate, and express affiliation, and they are commonly raised or lowered in ceremonies and flown at half-mast to signal mourning or distress. The study of flags, their history, symbolism, and design is called vexillology.

Origin and design elements: The word flag is of likely Germanic origin and is linked to the idea of fluttering in the wind. Flags typically feature colors, stripes, and emblems chosen for symbolic meaning. Color choices often carry traditional associations and heraldic influences; common symbols include crosses, stars, coats of arms, and seals. Flags can be plain or highly symbolic, and their designs may reflect geography, culture, history, or political ideals.

History: Flags have been used since ancient times as military standards and signals. Their function evolved from battlefield markers to national and institutional symbols. In Europe, standardized flags became more common in the early modern period, with global diffusion accompanying political change, colonization, and the growth of nation-states in the 18th–20th centuries. Today, flags represent states, subnational entities, organizations, and movements worldwide.

Types and usage: Flags include national flags, state or provincial flags, ceremonial banners, naval ensigns, and organizational banners. They are manufactured from fabrics such as nylon, polyester, or cotton, using sewn or printed designs. Flags require appropriate handling, mounting, and storage, and may be governed by etiquette and laws detailing when and how they should be displayed.

Etiquette and disposal: Flag etiquette covers display order, position, and duration of flights, as well as respectful disposal of worn or damaged flags, typically by burning in a dignified ceremony.