timing

Timing is the concept of sequencing events in relation to a reference clock or event, involving the measurement, planning, and control of when actions occur and how long they last. It relies on a reference time standard and is essential for coordinating activities across systems, people, and processes. Precision in timing is typically expressed in units such as seconds and, for finer measurements, milliseconds, microseconds, or nanoseconds.

In physics and engineering, timing involves clock signals that synchronize operations, manage communication, and control the duration of processes. Key concerns include latency (delay), jitter (variation in timing), and synchronization between independent components or systems. Real-time systems require deterministic timing behavior, ensuring that responses occur within defined deadlines.

In music, timing refers to the alignment of notes and rhythms with a tempo and meter. Musicians follow a beat and subdivision of time, using tools like metronomes to maintain consistent tempo, while expressive timing may include rubato or accelerations and decelerations.

In computing, timing governs performance and correctness. Timers, clocks, and timeouts coordinate software and hardware tasks, measure execution durations, and support scheduling. In distributed systems, clock synchronization and accurate timestamping are crucial for ordering events and maintaining data consistency.

In biology, timing controls processes such as circadian rhythms, hormone release, development, and sleep-wake cycles. Biological timers enable organisms to anticipate regular environmental changes and adapt behaviors accordingly.

Time standards: the SI second defines the base unit of time, with timekeeping relying on atomic clocks and coordinated time signals such as UTC. See also chronometry, clock, latency, synchronization, metronome.