forests

Forests are large areas dominated by trees and other vegetation that form complex ecosystems. They vary widely in climate, composition, and structure, from tropical rainforests with exceptional biodiversity to boreal and temperate forests characterized by different species and growth forms. Forests are organized in vertical layers, including the canopy, understory, and forest floor, which together host a broad range of life.

Biodiversity is a defining feature of forests, supporting countless species of plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms. These ecosystems regulate the climate by storing carbon, influence the water cycle through interception and transpiration, and protect soils from erosion. They also provide resources such as timber and non-timber forest products, as well as recreational, cultural, and spiritual values for people.

Humans rely on forests for goods and services, while many communities manage forests to meet subsistence needs, livelihoods, and traditional practices. Sustainable forest management, protected areas, reforestation and afforestation, and community-based approaches aim to balance use with conservation, ensuring forests continue to function ecologically and to supply benefits over time.

Forests face threats from deforestation, land-use change, fragmentation, wildfires, invasive species, pests, and climate change. Protecting and restoring forests involves policy measures, sustainable harvesting, conservation planning, and restoration of degraded lands. Maintaining forest health and diversity enhances resilience to disturbances and supports ongoing provision of ecosystem services critical to biodiversity, climate regulation, and human well-being.