Dogs

Dogs are domesticated mammals, Canis lupus familiaris, living as companions and working animals. They descended from gray wolves and were domesticated by humans over thousands of years, with evidence of independent domestication in multiple regions. Through selective breeding, humans have produced hundreds of breeds with a wide range of sizes, coats and temperaments.

Physical variation among dogs is broad. Sizes range from small toy breeds to large working dogs. Coat types vary from short and smooth to long and double-coated, with colors and patterns including solid, brindle, and spotted. Lifespan varies by breed and health, commonly around 10 to 13 years, with smaller breeds often living longer than larger ones. Dogs are omnivorous and require diets tailored to age, activity, and health status.

Dogs are social animals that form strong bonds with humans and other dogs. They can learn through training and respond to human cues. They rely on highly developed senses, particularly smell and hearing, and they use vision to detect movement and form, as well as body language to communicate. Cognition and behavior vary with breed and individual experience, but many dogs respond to consistent training and enrichment. Socialization and exercise are important for well-being and can reduce unwanted behaviors.

Beyond companionship, dogs serve in numerous roles, including service and assistance dogs, police and military working dogs, search and rescue, herding, livestock guarding, and therapy or support animals.

Care and health considerations include regular veterinary care, vaccinations, parasite prevention, dental hygiene, exercise, training, and mental stimulation. Common health issues include obesity, dental disease, and breed-specific conditions. Responsible ownership emphasizes preventive care and, when appropriate, spaying or neutering and adoption from shelters.

Welfare and ethics in dog keeping emphasize humane treatment, avoidance of cruelty, and responsible breeding practices. Many dogs live in family homes or shelters, and adoption is encouraged to reduce unwanted populations.