Hypertoni

Hypertoni, also referred to as hypertension, is a chronic medical condition characterized by persistently elevated arterial blood pressure. It is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and kidney disease worldwide, often developing gradually over years and contributing to organ damage if not managed.

The condition is typically classified into primary (essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension. Primary hypertension has no identifiable single cause and accounts for the majority of cases, arising from a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Secondary hypertension results from another medical condition or medication, such as kidney disease, endocrine disorders, sleep apnea, or certain drugs. Most adults with hypertension have primary hypertension.

Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, high-sodium diet, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption, tobacco use, stress, and comorbid conditions like diabetes or kidney disease. Some populations may be more affected due to genetic or socio-economic factors. Hypertension often presents with no symptoms, and high readings may go unnoticed without regular measurement. When present, symptoms such as headaches are non-specific and not reliable indicators of blood pressure levels. Long-standing high blood pressure can damage arteries and organs, increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, heart failure, kidney disease, and retinopathy.

Diagnosis is based on repeated elevated blood pressure readings on separate occasions, preferably with validated devices. Home or ambulatory blood pressure monitoring can aid confirmation. Evaluation may include blood tests, lipid profiles, kidney function assessment, blood sugar screening, and an eye examination to detect organ damage.

Management focuses on lowering and maintaining blood pressure to reduce cardiovascular risk. Lifestyle changes—weight management, regular physical activity, a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, reduced sodium intake, limited alcohol, smoking cessation, and adequate sleep—are foundational. When needed, medications such as thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and sometimes beta-blockers are used, tailored to the individual’s health and comorbid conditions. With appropriate treatment and monitoring, prognosis improves and the risk of complications decreases. Public health efforts emphasize routine screening and early intervention.