retinopathy

Retinopathy is a general term for disease of the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. It most often refers to disorders that affect the retinal blood vessels and can lead to vision impairment or loss if not detected and treated.

The most common forms include diabetic retinopathy, caused by long-standing high blood glucose; hypertensive retinopathy, due to chronic elevated blood pressure; and retinopathy of prematurity, which affects some premature infants as the retina develops. Other forms arise from radiation exposure, solar exposure, or retinal vein occlusions. The underlying changes typically involve vessel leakage, abnormal growth of new vessels, bleeding, and areas of retinal swelling or ischemia.

Symptoms vary by stage. Early retinopathy may cause no noticeable symptoms. As disease progresses, individuals may notice blurred or distorted vision, floaters, blind spots, or sudden vision loss. Because early stages can be asymptomatic, regular eye examinations are important for at‑risk individuals.

Diagnosis relies on dilated fundus examination and may be supplemented by imaging tests such as fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography to assess retinal structure and blood flow.

Management focuses on treating the underlying condition and preventing progression. This includes strict control of blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipids; laser therapy, intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF agents, or corticosteroids; and vitreoretinal surgery for advanced cases. Prognosis depends on the type and stage at detection; early treatment improves outcomes and reduces the risk of vision loss. Regular screening is recommended for people with diabetes, hypertension, or other risk factors.