arterial

Arterial refers to arteries, the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. In the systemic circulation, arteries transport oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to tissues; the pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. The arterial system, together with arterioles, forms a high-pressure, pulsatile conduit, contrasting with the low-pressure venous system that returns blood to the heart.

Structure and subclasses: Arteries are composed of three tunica layers: the intima (endothelial lining), the media (muscular and elastic fibers), and the adventitia (connective tissue). Elastic arteries, such as the aorta and major branches, contain numerous elastic fibers to accommodate pulse pressure. Muscular arteries (for example, radial or mesenteric arteries) have thicker smooth muscle and distribute blood to specific regions. Arterioles are the smallest arteries and play a key role in regulating tissue perfusion and systemic vascular resistance.

Function: The arterial network delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, removes carbon dioxide, and helps regulate blood pressure and temperature. Autoregulation mechanisms allow tissues to maintain consistent capillary perfusion across a range of arterial pressures.

Common pathologies: Atherosclerosis narrows arteries due to plaque buildup, increasing risk of heart attack and stroke. Aneurysm involves weakening and dilation of arterial walls. Arterial dissection refers to a tear within the wall layers. Peripheral artery disease reduces blood flow to limbs. Risk factors include hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and high cholesterol.

Diagnostics and treatment: Imaging techniques such as Doppler ultrasound and CT/MR angiography assess arterial health. Treatments range from lifestyle changes and medications to procedures like angioplasty, stenting, or bypass surgery, aimed at restoring or preserving arterial perfusion.