simulators

Simulators are systems that reproduce the behavior, dynamics, and conditions of a real-world process or environment for analysis, training, or prediction. They range from simple mathematical models running on a personal computer to complex, hardware-in-the-loop setups that combine physical components with digital models.

Different types include flight simulators, driving simulators, medical simulators (such as surgical or diagnostic training), industrial process simulators, climate and weather models, economic and social simulations, and software or game-based environments used for realistic interaction. While related to emulation, simulators focus on reproducing functional behavior rather than exact hardware characteristics.

Key elements are the underlying models, input data, and interfaces for user interaction and observation. Fidelity can be conceptual (qualitative), numerical (quantitative equations), or physical (real hardware). Validation and verification compare simulator outputs with real-world data to establish credibility and reliability.

Applications span training and assessment (pilots, drivers, surgeons), system design and testing, safety analysis, policy and planning, and digital twin use, where a live system is mirrored in software to monitor and optimize performance. Simulators are also used for research, education, and, to a lesser extent, entertainment.

Development challenges include achieving realism without excessive cost, avoiding overreliance on simulations, and maintaining current data. Standards and best practices in verification, validation, and accreditation guide critical applications, especially in aviation, healthcare, and defense.

Historically, simulators evolved from mechanical devices to electro-mechanical and then to computer-based systems, with advances in graphics, haptics, and AI-driven modeling. The term now encompasses a broad ecosystem across education, industry, research, and training.